Technology cooperation.

United States

NORTH AMERICA

DEEP

iCET — Initiative on Critical and Emerging Technology

iCET covers semiconductor co-fabrication, AI, quantum, biotechnology, space, and defence innovation. Micron Gujarat plant operational; NVIDIA AI compute allocations announced 2025. The deepest bilateral technology partnership India has with any country.

Japan

EAST ASIA

DEEP

Semiconductor supply chain and Digital Partnership

Japan-India semiconductor supply chain partnership covers 5G, AI, and talent mobility. Joint R&D frameworks with NEDO and DST. Rapid Supply Chain Resilience Initiative (SCRI) with Australia. Rapidus and India's semiconductor ambitions have overlapping supply chain interests.

Israel

WEST ASIA

DEEP

Joint Industrial R&D fund — cyber, AI, agri-tech

Joint Industrial R&D fund supports startups working on cyber, AI, semiconductors, and agri-tech. New chip-design centre under discussion. Israel's Unit 8200 alumni ecosystem and India's IT industry are significant bilateral flow channels. India-Israel Innovation Lab operational.

United Kingdom

EUROPE

ACTIVE

Technology Security Initiative — AI, telecoms, quantum

Technology Security Initiative covering AI, telecoms, quantum, biotech, and critical minerals. Ongoing FTA negotiations include digital trade chapter. UK-India Tech Partnership supports startups. ARM Holdings (UK-origin) is central to India's chip design ambitions.

France

EUROPE

ACTIVE

Year of Innovation 2026 — space, AI compute, supercomputing

Year of Innovation 2026 covers space launch, AI compute, supercomputing, and undersea cables. CNES-ISRO collaboration is among the deepest bilateral space partnerships. French AI firms and Indian IT majors have growing co-development pipelines.

Germany

EUROPE

ACTIVE

Industry 4.0, digital manufacturing, EV battery tech

Industry 4.0 digital manufacturing, EV battery and storage joint work. Bosch, Siemens, and SAP are the backbone of German tech presence in India. BMBF-DST joint research framework funds quantum and materials research. New chip-design centre discussions underway.

Australia

OCEANIA

ACTIVE

Critical minerals, cyber, and space cooperation

Critical minerals partnership covering lithium and cobalt processing. Cyber and space dialogues active. Joint investment in rare earth processing. Australia's Critical Minerals Strategy intersects with India's semiconductor and battery supply chain ambitions. SCRI trilateral with Japan.

Singapore

SOUTH EAST ASIA

ACTIVE

Fintech rails, chip design talent, DPI cooperation

UPI-PayNow integration live — the most advanced bilateral payment rail India has. Semiconductor design talent exchange programme. Singapore hosts India's largest tech diaspora outside the US. Digital economy chapter of CECA is a template for India's other tech agreements.

South Korea

EAST ASIA

ACTIVE

EV batteries, display panels, semiconductor materials

EV batteries, display panels, and shipbuilding tech cooperation. Samsung and LG have India manufacturing commitments. SK Hynix and Samsung are key players in global semiconductor supply chains India is integrating into. Korea-India CEPA digital chapter under renegotiation.

TSMC ecosystem; chip design and fab partnership

Taiwan produces over 60% of the world's semiconductors and 90% of advanced chips via TSMC. India's semiconductor mission — building fabs in Gujarat and Assam — is deeply tied to Taiwanese equipment, materials, and talent. Powerchip Semiconductor (PSMC) is partnered with Tata Electronics for India's first commercial fab. Significant informal industry-to-industry cooperation beyond official bilateral channels.

Netherlands

EUROPE

ACTIVE

ASML chip equipment — India's semiconductor gateway

ASML, headquartered in Eindhoven, makes the extreme ultraviolet (EUV) lithography machines essential for cutting-edge semiconductor fabrication — no advanced chip fab can operate without them. India's semiconductor mission depends on access to ASML equipment. The Netherlands-India technology dialogue has been elevated to cover semiconductor ecosystem, water tech, and agri-tech.

Finland

EUROPE

ACTIVE

Nokia 5G/6G research; cleantech cooperation

Nokia — headquartered in Espoo — is one of India's two primary 5G network vendors (alongside Ericsson). Nokia's Bell Labs is engaged with Indian researchers on 6G standards. Finland-India bilateral covers telecom R&D, cybersecurity, and cleantech. Finland's Arctic satellite data complements India's space earth-observation ambitions.

Sweden

EUROPE

ACTIVE

Ericsson 5G rollout; innovation partnership

Ericsson is the backbone of large parts of India's 5G network. The India-Sweden Innovation Partnership covers telecom, cleantech, and life sciences. Ericsson's R&D centres in India employ thousands. Sweden-India tech dialogue elevated in 2023; Spotify, Klarna, and other Swedish tech firms have significant India footprints.

United Arab Emirates

WEST ASIA

GROWING

Digital partnership under CEPA — UPI, cloud, AI compute

UPI live in UAE; payments interoperability the most advanced of any Gulf country. UAE is a growing hub for Indian AI compute with major data-centre investments. G42 (Abu Dhabi AI firm) has partnerships with Indian institutions. Dubai's DIFC positions itself as a gateway for Indian fintech.

Indonesia

SOUTH EAST ASIA

GROWING

DPI export, telecom, and minerals cooperation

India is exporting its Digital Public Infrastructure stack to Indonesia — UPI-equivalent payment systems and digital ID. Telecom cooperation under ASEAN-India framework. Indonesia's critical minerals (nickel, cobalt) are essential for India's EV battery supply chain. India-Indonesia tech dialogue established 2024.

Saudi Arabia

WEST ASIA

GROWING

NEOM tech city; Vision 2030 digital economy

Saudi Arabia's Vision 2030 digital transformation creates demand for Indian IT services and DPI models. NEOM — the $500bn tech city — has significant Indian contractor and tech firm involvement. Aramco Digital is exploring partnerships with Indian cloud providers. UPI deployment discussions ongoing. Saudi Arabia is a growing destination for Indian tech exports.

Russia

EURASIA

GROWING

Space cooperation, nuclear tech, and GLONASS

Russia-India space cooperation (historic Soyuz, GLONASS integration) continues even post-Ukraine war. India's nuclear programme depends on Russian reactor technology (Kudankulam). Cybersecurity and digital cooperation at government-to-government level. Russia's isolation from Western tech creates openings for Indian IT companies in the Russian market.

Brazil

LATIN AMERICA

GROWING

DPI export; digital payments interoperability

Brazil's PIX instant payment system and India's UPI are the world's two largest real-time payment platforms — interoperability discussions are underway. India is exporting its Aadhaar digital ID model to Brazil. IBSA Digital Working Group is the formal channel. Brazilian agri-tech and Indian precision agriculture tech are exchanging innovations.

Malaysia

SOUTH EAST ASIA

GROWING

Semiconductor assembly, chip packaging hub

Malaysia is a major global semiconductor assembly, test, and packaging (OSAT) hub — where chips designed in India could be assembled. Intel, Infineon, and Renesas have large Malaysia fabs. India-Malaysia tech cooperation covers semiconductor supply chains, data centres, and digital economy. UPI deployment in Malaysia underway.

Vietnam

SOUTH EAST ASIA

GROWING

Electronics manufacturing; semiconductor supply chain

Vietnam is one of the world's largest electronics manufacturing hubs — Samsung makes 50% of its phones there. India and Vietnam are both integrating into global semiconductor and electronics supply chains as alternatives to China. Indian IT firms have delivery centres in Vietnam. Digital economy cooperation under ASEAN-India framework.

Philippines

SOUTH EAST ASIA

GROWING

IT-BPO hub; digital economy and UPI cooperation

Philippines is the world's largest IT-BPO hub by revenue — a sector in which India is also a global leader. India-Philippines digital economy cooperation covers payment systems, e-commerce, and digital infrastructure. UPI deployment discussions in progress. Philippines' semiconductor industry complements India's chip design ambitions.

South Africa

AFRICA

GROWING

Digital payments, fintech, and IBSA digital working group

South Africa and India cooperate through the IBSA Digital Working Group. India's DPI model is being studied for South Africa's digital ID and payment infrastructure. BRICS digital connectivity and de-dollarisation agenda. South African fintech firms and Indian IT majors have growing partnerships. UPI deployment scoping underway.

Italy

EUROPE

GROWING

Space agency (ASI) cooperation; quantum research

Italy's space agency ASI cooperates with ISRO on earth observation satellites and orbital debris tracking. Italian firms collaborate on quantum computing research. Leonardo's electronics division has interests in Indian defence electronics. Italy-India Science and Technology Agreement covers advanced materials and quantum.

Mexico

LATIN AMERICA

GROWING

Nearshoring tech hub; electronics manufacturing

Mexico's nearshoring boom as a China-plus-one destination mirrors India's own positioning. Mexican semiconductor and electronics assembly sector is growing. Indian IT firms (Infosys, Wipro, TCS) have delivery centres in Mexico serving US clients. UPI deployment discussions with Mexico's SPEI payment system. G20 digital economy cooperation.

Thailand

SOUTH EAST ASIA

GROWING

EV manufacturing hub; electronics supply chain

Thailand is Southeast Asia's largest auto manufacturing hub and a growing EV market — relevant to India's battery and EV supply chain ambitions. Thai-India digital economy cooperation covers e-commerce, digital payments, and smart manufacturing. Indian IT firms have Bangkok delivery centres. Thailand evaluates UPI for tourism payment integration.

Nepal

SOUTH ASIA

PILOT

UPI acceptance and digital connectivity

Nepal was among the first countries to accept UPI payments from Indian tourists — a pilot for India's DPI export model. Nepal's National Payment Interface is modelled on NPCI's architecture. India-Nepal digital connectivity projects include fibre optic links and telecom tower sharing under bilateral agreements.

Sri Lanka

SOUTH ASIA

PILOT

DPI adoption; digital economy cooperation

Sri Lanka has piloted India's DPI stack including digital payment systems. The India-Sri Lanka digital connectivity project covers submarine cable, telecom, and IT sector cooperation. Post-2022 economic crisis recovery includes India-funded digital infrastructure. UPI accepted at major Sri Lanka merchants.

Ethiopia

AFRICA

PILOT

Digital ID and DPI export for Africa

Ethiopia is piloting India's Aadhaar-equivalent digital ID model through the African Union's digital transformation agenda. India's DPI export programme — part of the G20 2023 India Presidency deliverable — targets Ethiopia as a demonstration country for Africa. CDPI (Centre for Digital Public Infrastructure) supports the implementation.

Kenya

AFRICA

PILOT

M-Pesa fintech learning; digital economy cooperation

Kenya's M-Pesa is the world's most successful mobile money system — a model India's digital payment architects have studied. India-Kenya digital economy cooperation covers fintech, digital ID, and e-governance. Indian IT firms are active in Kenya's growing tech startup ecosystem. UPI interoperability with M-Pesa under discussion.

Canada

NORTH AMERICA

LIMITED

AI research and quantum computing

AI research and quantum computing through joint university partnerships — University of Toronto, Vector Institute, and Waterloo quantum centre have deep India connections. Relations impacted by diplomatic tensions in 2023–24; technology cooperation continues at institutional level. Canadian critical minerals (lithium, uranium) remain a strategic interest.

Kazakhstan

CENTRAL ASIA

LIMITED

ICT cooperation and digital economy MOU

India-Kazakhstan ICT cooperation MOU covers e-governance, digital payments, and telecom. Kazakhstan is interested in India's DPI model for its own digital transformation. India's INSTC connectivity interest and Kazakhstan's tech sector make this a growing relationship. SCO digital economy working group is the multilateral channel.